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Jun 8 2026

Students Investigate: The Original Fashion Influencer—Women’s 18th- and 19th-Century Periodicals

This series features the work and research of University of Iowa students at the Libraries. The following is written by Jenna Zukauskas, an undergraduate student worker at Special Collections and Archives.

Before there was the “get ready with me” or “do it yourself” trends, fashion and style had to find other ways to make their way into society. But fear not, women had their ways of adapting. Instead of TikTok or Instagram, women read periodicals. An easy and comprehensive view of the best gossip, fashion advice, romance stories, and do-it-yourself crafts were offered in the time’s most popular magazines. A quick tour through UI Special Collections and Archives will reveal all the fashionable do’s and don’ts of Georgian style icons.

Perhaps the most notable of such periodicals was the British publication known as the Lady’s Magazine, which ran from 1770 to 1832. While publication under its original name ceased in 1832, the periodical merged with other successful women’s magazines to continue circulation throughout British society. As a pillar of middle-class female literature, this magazine, including its successor publication, was of high interest to any woman seeking entertainment and knowledge that was not available elsewhere.

While fashion prints were not a consistent feature of the Lady’s Magazine until 1800, style was still considered one of its selling points. The magazine focused on reproduction and replication when it came to sharing fashion advice. Many styles were copied and recycled from elite fashion periodicals. The Lady’s Magazine succeeded in bringing high society to everyday women who shared the feminine sentiment of wishing to dress like European elites.

Drawing of woman in Regency-era red satin coat and bonnet
Drawing of woman wearing Regency-era promenade dress in cream and blue. Floral hat included
Drawing of woman in Regency-era walking dress, white muslin with yellow scarf draped across shoulders. Bonnet with feathers included.
Drawing of Regency-era mourning dress, black with lace details and small purse. Hair up in elaborate braids.
Fig. 1-4: Fashion plates from 1818 Lady’s Magazine publications. Includes promenade, walking, and mourning dresses. Feature designs from the months of February, March, May, and December.

Alongside the all-important fashion prints, the Lady’s Magazine included embroidery patterns. It was the first periodical to boast consistent publication of such embellishment guides. These fold out papers were meant to be removed from their bindings in order for them to be used by readers. The embroidery included both male and female focused patterns and outlined specific suggestions on what it should be used for. By providing this, the magazine offered a do-it-yourself opportunity to elevate one’s look in a cost-efficient and personalized manner. Likely, the purpose of these embroidery patterns was to furnish middle class women with the tools to assimilate to upper class standards, just as the fashion plates aimed to do.

Pattern for sewing that includes repetitive daffodil motif
Fig. 5: Lady’s Magazine, V17 from 1786, “New Pattern for Working a Gown or Apron”

It is impossible to discuss the Lady’s Magazine without recognizing similar prints that were in publication at the same time. Rival periodicals, such as the Lady’s Monthly Museum, and La Belle Assemble all worked to publish similar content to capture the interest of their female audiences. To compete with these magazines, the Lady’s Magazine had to adapt. Beginning in 1820, the magazine began to alter its series, ultimately ending with a competitor merge in 1832. The three series mentioned above became one as they vied for survival in the cutthroat field of entertainment literature.

Even with changes to their content, the Lady’s Magazine remained a shining beacon of style for its female audiences in the late 18th to the early 19th century. Not only did these magazines provide women with colorful depictions of fashion, but they also worked to inspire the individual female. The embroidery patterns, plates, and sheets that were featured in the Lady’s Magazine, as well as other women’s periodicals, offered a connection to society, while still allowing creative freedom. Through homemade articles of clothing, embellished with designs offered through such magazines, women were able to assimilate to the expected styles of the time and fit into social gathering. Fashion and practicality were presented as a vessel in which women were able to involve themselves in social interactions occurring within their own societies.

Learn more about how to view these periodicals and more on the Special Collections and Archives website.

 

Page layout from magazine showing women dressed in afternoon dresses from 1799
Fig.7: Lady’s Monthly Magazine , V.3 from 1779 “Afternoon Dress for August 1799” and “Full Dress for August 1799”
Works Cited and Further Reading:

Batchelor, Jennie, and Manushag N Powell. Women’s Periodicals and Print Culture in Britain, 1690-1820s : The Long Eighteenth Century / Edited by Jennie Batchelor, and Manushag N. Powell. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2018.

Jennie Batchelor. “Rivals: The Changing Face of the Women’s Magazine.” In The Lady’s Magazine (1770–1832) and the Making of Literary History, 162. Edinburgh University Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474487665-008.

Miller, Peter John. “Eighteenth-Century Periodicals for Women.” History of Education Quarterly 11, no. 3 (1971): 279–86. https://doi.org/10.2307/367294.

Lady’s Magazine. University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections and Archives. X-Collection. AP 4 .L226 v.17 1786, Cop. 1

Lady’s Magazine. University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections and Archives. X-Collection. AP 4 .L226 v.49 1818, Cop. 1

Lady’s Monthly Magazine. University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections and Archives. X-Collection. AP4 .L227 V.3, Cop. 1

Jun 1 2026

Students Investigate: French Revolution pamphlet horoscope

This series features the work and research of University of Iowa students at the Libraries. The following is written by Brianna Bowers, an undergraduate student employee who has spent the last couple years working on describing French Revolution pamphlets at Special Collections and Archives for the catalog.

Do you want to know your horoscope? Well, don’t look to the stars! Since history loves to repeat itself, we’re looking into the past at how the thousands of French Revolution pamphlets housed in the Special Collections and Archives at the University of Iowa may reveal advice (or warnings) for your future.

Aries

French pamphlet text

This pamphlet from March 20, 1795, is honest and bold enough for an Aries: “La lanterne de diogene, ou ne vous fachez pas, c’est la vérité. La liberté de la presse n’existe que quand on peut déplaire impunément à ceux qui ont l’autorité. Autrement c’est une chimère.” This translates to “Diogenes’ lantern, or don’t get upset, it’s the truth. ‘Freedom of the press exists only when one can offend those in authority with impunity. Otherwise, it’s a chimera.’” Aries aren’t afraid to demand the right to always speak their minds, so the stars are telling you to get your keyboard into the comment section to practice some free speech.

(Pamphlet 2345 in box 2305-2375.)

Taurus

French pamphlet text

Pamphlet 87:77, from April 22, 1795, will appeal to the responsible and creative Taurus: “Lois relatives aux domaines nationaux. Des 29 Germinal, 2 et 3 Floréal, an troisième.” In order to raise the most funds for the sale of surplus national property, the National Convention decided to hold a lottery for them. This is a sign that some kind of lucky winning is right around the corner for Tauruses.

(Pamphlet 87:77 in box 87:1-87:95.)

Gemini

French text

For a Gemini, we have a collection of letters purportedly written by Charles de Lameth, Duport, Delaborde, Alexandre de Lameth, and Barnave and collected together by an anonymous editor on May 28 or 29, 1790. The letters from these men all have the same purpose: to deny ambition and declare that they’re not after a high-ranking position. The headings of the letters reveal that many of them now have the positions that they in the letter professed to not want at all. This anonymous editor was probably a Gemini, since the editor is adept at mocking the false humility of these politicians in unique ways. The title is “Collection de belles lettres” [Collection of beautiful letters]. If you’re a Gemini, this pamphlet is warning you that your coworker who says they’re not jealous of your job might be scheming behind your back.

(Pamphlet 2259 in box 2234-2304.)

Cancer

French text

Would a Cancer be interested in a pamphlet entitled “loi Relative au mode de paiement des baux à ferme” about rent payments from June 27, 1796? Maybe, but they’ll definitely be charmed by something that makes the University of Iowa’s copy of this pamphlet unique: a long-dead bug impressed against the back cover. A sentimental and compassionate Cancer could stare at the little bug for hours. Is it a centipede? Where did it come from? Why is it preserved so well? How long has it been dead, and how long did it live? This pamphlet is telling Cancers that the next time they see a creepy critter inside their house, they should put it in a jar and take it outside instead of squishing it.

(Pamphlet 89:48 in box 89:35-89:140.)

Leo

French Pamphlet

If I tell you Leos love glory, are confident to the point of arrogance, and are incredible leaders, who from the French Revolution pops into your head? The king? No. The revolutionaries of the National Assembly, who began the Revolution? Eh, glorious yes, but we’re not quite there . . . the republicans of the National Convention, who killed the king and paved the way for more progressive policies? Mm, we’re getting there . . . The weak and corrupt Directory which followed? Please. No, Napoleon was a Leo, and this pamphlet he signed well demonstrates this sign’s intensity: “N.ᵒ 1193. Bulletin des Lois, N.ᵒ 39. arrété Qui prononce des peines contre les militaires invalides convaincus d’avoir vendu ou donné des effets distribués à leur usage,” from Aug. 21, 1800. It imposes punishments on disabled soldiers who misuse their paychecks. Harsh! If you’re a Leo, remember not to invade Russia in the winter!

(Pamphlet 83:16 in box 82:118-83:40.)

Virgo

French text

One famous Virgo is Louis XVI, the king who tried to cling to his throne and was guillotined. Although he barely made the cut to not be a Leo, he had much more of Virgo’s practicality than Leo’s fire: he pretended to go along with the Revolution for a long time, even though his strong loyalty was directed against it. While cooperating with the revolutionary National Assembly, he signed their decrees into law. One decree is the “Loi Relative aux Archives nationales” from Sept. 12, 1790. It’s about the National Archives of France, how much the head archivist and his assistants would be paid, when people could view the items in the Archives, and how no one was allowed to light any fires in the Archives. So the advice for Virgos today is: come to the Special Collections and Archives, and don’t bring any fire with you!

(Pamphlet 82:52 in box 82:28-82:117.)

Libra

French text

The fair and gracious mind of a Libra lends itself to social reforms like those to the criminal justice system in “Décret de l’assemblée nationale, Sur la réformation de quelques points de la Jurisprudence criminelle” [Decree of the National Assembly, on the reform of some points of criminal jurisprudence], from Oct. 8 or 9, 1789. If you’re a Libra, this is your sign to go directly to jail (to advocate for a change of your choice!) without collecting $200.

(Pamphlet 2963 in box 2933-2998.)

Scorpio

French Text

Your Scorpio passion is reflected in “Les horreurs dévoilées, Pour servir de suite aux conspirateurs démasqués.” It’s a classic example of neoclassical dramatism, with exclamations, declarations and flourishes galore, from Nov. 15, 1790. For the stubborn Scorpio who can sift their way through the purple prose, you’ll find amusing details like a misnomer of the not-yet-extremely-famous Maximilien Robespierre (here, Robertspierre) on page 23, as the anonymous author recalls a rumor that Robespierre was related to an attempted assassination of Louis XV, the previous king. Scorpios, this is too much drama for the page, so your stars want you to go to the theater!

(Pamphlet 2687 in box 2674-2727.)

Sagittarius

French Text

A fiery pamphlet for this fire sign, we have a representative in the National Convention arguing for Louis XVI’s execution from Dec. 1, 1792. Marc-Antoine here wanted to use Louis’s death to inspire the world outside of France to break the chains of tyranny as well. To show his devotion to the universal rather than national cause, he included a (badly spelled and grammarless) sentence in English in the title. “Convention nationale. opinion du citoyen Marc-Antoine baudot, Député de Saône-&-Loire à la Convention Nationale, Sur le jugement de Louis XVI, Imprimée par ordre de la Convention. To the kings death, for the safety world’s of peoples. Le premier Décembre, l’an Iᵉʳ de la République feançaise.” This pamphlet wants to remind Sagittarians to think about how their actions will affect the wider world.

(Pamphlet 77:26 in box 3202-77:65.)

Capricorn

French pamphlet text

The French Revolutionary wars that broke out between France and monarchies across Europe made travel difficult for intrepid tourists, but if a Capricorn wanted to go see the beautiful French countryside, that wouldn’t stop them. They would instead take a diligent look at the laws in France at the time to make sure they didn’t accidentally look like a spy or commit counter-revolution. The pamphlet that they would consult about passports, “Arrêté Du Directoire exécutif, qui prescrit des mesures relatives aux passe-ports des étrangers arrivant en France,” was written in under their stars on Dec. 24, 1796. Capricorns’ horoscope says they’d do well to take a break and travel somewhere fun.

(Pamphlet 88:179 in box 88:115-89:34.)

Aquarius

French Text

On Jan. 27, 1795, a politician named Joachim Vilate published the pamphlet “Les mystères de la mère de dieu, dévoilés; Troisième Volume des Causes secrètes de la Révolution du 9 au 10 Thermidor.” Vilate discusses how Catherine Théot, an old woman who claimed to be a prophetess, was used by Barère (a politician) to defame Robespierre (another politician), and how various newly formed pro-Revolution religious sects were created/wielded for political gain. The originality and imagination of what Barère shared with others, punctuated by dialogue between political figures of the day as they threw shade at each other, will entertain Aquariuses. The stars are telling you to start a dream diary so you can remember your own ‘visions’ better!

(Pamphlet 2199, box 2179-2233.)

Pisces

French pamphlet text

The artistic soul of a Pisces enjoys poems, pictures, and classical references, so the Iliad’s French parody, “La bazocheïde, poëme burlesco-patriotico-héroïque, en trois chants. Par M. R***,” will appeal to them. It’s a burlesque/patriotic/heroic poem scattered with beautiful drawings. This was printed in 1790, but doesn’t have a proper date on it, so is relying on the empathetic Pisces to adopt it. To all the Pisces reading, this is your sign to go to Bazoches, a commune in northern France with historic buildings and beautiful parks.

(Pamphlet 2960 in box 2933-2998.)

Your can find more about the names of astrological signs as well as their dates and traits at https://www.horoscope.com/zodiac-signs.

Apr 30 2026

Students Investigate: Special Collections’ most accessible Civil War documents

This series features the work and research of UI students. The following is written by Whitney Jensen, an undergraduate student worker at Special Collections and Archives.

Do you have an interest in the vast collection of Civil War documents found in Special Collections and Archives at the University of Iowa but unsure where to begin? Fret not; our student worker Whitney has compiled a list of the 10 most accessible items, from diaries that rode in the breast pockets of soldiers as they marched into battle to letters sent between loved ones over the course of the war. Follow along for a (by no means exhaustive) summary of some fascinating historical finds as told by soldiers across the United States!

Photo of Thomas Rescum Sterns in uniform with hand-colored buttons.
10) Diaries of George C. Burmeister

Inside box 3 of the Civil War Collection are the diaries of a man named George C. Burmeister from 1861 through 1864. Burmeister was working as a schoolteacher near Muscatine when the war began, after which he served in the 35th Iowa Infantry. The handwriting in these is clearer than many other diaries in the collection, making them a nice reference for those who feel more inclined towards reading the real, historical documents rather than transcripts.

9) Diaries of Turner S. Bailey

In box 10 of the same collection lives another interesting item. There are three diaries of a man named Turner S. Bailey, who served in Company A of the 3rd Iowa Infantry from 1861 to 1863. Alongside the physical diaries, there is a summative write-up which helps with comprehension of the events described within. It is important to note that the actual handwriting in these diaries is small, faded cursive, making it difficult to read. If you’re up for the challenge, this folder contains a great deal of information on one soldier’s time in the war (including a description of the battle in which he lost his right hand).

8) Letters of Samuel Fisk

Box two of the Civil War Collection has a folder of particular interest, containing the work of a man named Samuel Fiske, who wrote under the pseudonym Dunn Browne in order to submit over 90 letters detailing his experiences serving in the Civil War. The collection has 13 of those letters, ranging from 1843 to 1876. They have been evaluated and organized into a clear inventory, making their contents a little more accessible to those who want to try and read some beautifully complex cursive.

7) Letters of Charles Arad Gates

Let’s look next at the letters of a man named Charles Arad Gates, alongside a thorough summary and description of their contents. These 39 letters range from September 1861 to December 1863, describing his experiences serving in the Battery B of the 1st New York Light Artillery. They are unique in the fact that Gates used illustrated stationary and drew maps of the battery’s camps as well as some battlefields they fought on. He also wrote a thorough letter describing two days of battle on the Fourth of July. Though there is not a direct transcript for each individual letter, the summary will prove helpful to anyone attempting to parse through them.

6) Sterns Family Papers

This is a unique collection as it contains both photographs and letters from the Sterns family at the time of the Civil War. There are correspondences of a man named Thomas Rescum Sterns, who joined the army the year prior and served as a corporal in Company F, Regiment 29 of the Wisconsin Volunteers. Folder 15, which houses a large chunk of Thomas’s letters, contains both the original papers as well as typed transcripts, and the handwriting is quite accessible. In a separate box are the photos, all labeled with the names of those pictured on the reverse side. There is also a photo album with personal pictures of several members of the family (the book is in poor shape, but the photos themselves look great). Not only are pictures a highly accessible item for those who benefit from a more visual style of learning, but having the original copies with contextual writing on the backs creates an additional layer of immersion that cannot be overlooked. This collection provides a fascinating glance into the impact that the Civil War had on families at the time.

5) John Warner Hiatt Materials

Box 8 of the Civil War Collection contains the letters of a man named John Warner Hiatt, written between 1862 and 1863 during his service in the 28th Regiment, Company F of Tama County, Iowa. These letters are a particularly shining point of reference, as they have been compiled by Hiatt’s great-great-grandson, David Balding, and transcribed into a 100-page booklet that depicts the man’s wartime experiences in great detail. The final letter in the collection, dated May 20, 1863, was written by Hiatt from a field hospital after suffering a life-threatening injury in the Battle of Champion Hill. He would die 18 days later on June 7. While it is a large volume of writing to parse through, these letters are a solemn reminder of the thousands of men who did not live to see the war’s end.

4) Items of Ephraim Weaver

Looking for some materials that don’t involve pages and pages of writing? Look no further than the items of a soldier named Ephraim Weaver, housed in box 4 of the Civil War Collection. While there is a letter to his parents included, Weaver also kept a tintype photograph of himself and a $10 bill from the Confederacy. If you’d like to get your hands on some real-life relics from this moment in history (other than the letters and diaries), this is a great place to start.

3) Civil War Relics

Keeping on the theme of non-letter items, box 5 of the same collection also has some neat items to explore. There are a handful of miscellaneous maps and other wartime paraphernalia, but the most fascinating thing is a box labeled “Civil War Relics Dug from Southern Battlefield and Campsites.” It contains a part of a fork, a .58 caliber round, two carbine cartridges, among a few other objects. Though no additional context is given as to what battlefields they come from, these items allow you to handle fragments of history. 

2) Diary of Joseph Child

One of the most accessible items in this whole collection is the writing of a man named Joseph Child, who served in Company K of the 26th Iowa Infantry. His diaries, which cover the span of nearly four whole years, have been transcribed word-for-word onto a typed document. This makes all the information that Child provides about battles and troop movements approachable for research. It’s a great first look into this vast collection; the only downside being that the physical diary itself is not present in the folder.

1) Dairy of Sewell Van Alstine

Not only does this collection contain the original leather diary of this Illinois infantryman, but a fully typed transcript as well as a digitized version that can be accessed via InfoHawk+ for you to pour over at home. He wrote in his diary almost every day from September 1863 to October 1864, even if to simply report on the weather. The writing style is short and summative, becoming more descriptive once his regiment begins engaging in combat with the rebels. Van Alstine keeps thorough track of every man’s death that he learns of, takes notes on the sermons he hears in camp, and maintains a ledger of expenses and mail (both sent and received) in the back. There is even some poetry, such as pieces titled “Friendships Parting Pledge” and “Unloved.” This diary contains just about everything one might wish to know about a soldier’s day-to-day life during the war and is expansive yet easy to comprehend. If you’re going to start anywhere in this vast collection, let it be here.

If these select few items have piqued your interest, there’s still lots more to see. Come visit us in Special Collections and Archives on the third floor of the Main Library, where you can leaf through Civil War documents of the Midwest until your thumbs fall off. We hope to see you there!

Jan 28 2026

Welcome, Steven Gentry

We are excited to welcome Steven Gentry, collections archivist for the University Archives.

Man with archival box smiles at camera
Steven Gentry digs into the archives

Steven grew up in Columbia, Maryland, graduating from St. Mary’s College of Maryland in 2014 with a bachelor’s degree in history. After college, he worked at Howard County Public Library as a circulation clerk, at which time he learned to truly appreciate all the good work public librarians do. He attended Simmons College in Boston, Massachusetts, where he received a Master of Science in Library and Information Science with a focus in archives management in 2018. In 2019, Steven joined the team at the University of Michigan’s Bentley Historical Library as a processing project archivist, where he has been for the last six years.

As an archivist at Iowa, Steven looks forward to collaborating with colleagues to wrangle our backlogs, increase access to the University Archives, and participate in other projects that will meaningfully impact our users.

“I particularly enjoy the connections we make with others—whether with coworkers, researchers, or even the historical agents named in the materials we handle each day, “ says Steven.

When not tackling the archival backlog, you can find Steven and his fiancée, Timi, indulging in TV shows like “Desperate Housewives” or “Below Deck.” He also works on his cocktail-making and cooking game, claiming to make a mean chicken tikka masala pizza (which we are eager to try). But he is also looking for fun things to discover in the Iowa City/Cedar Rapids area. Got an idea of something he should explore? Let him know!

Jan 7 2026

Students investigate: the materiality of medieval music

This series features the work and research of UI students. The following is written by Larisa Greway, a museum studies intern at Special Collections and Archives.

If you can read a piece of sheet music, you’ve benefited from over a thousand years of evolution. In the Middle Ages, music not only sounded, but looked much different than it does today. On this whirlwind tour through the medieval music of Special Collections and Archives, we’ll meet a few of the most melodious manuscripts we have to offer.

The development of music notation was a long and complicated process. Most medieval music that we can track the history of is liturgical, meant for use in church. The early liturgy was sung in plainchant, a simple style of chant meant to emphasize the text. Before the ninth century, no pieces of written notation survived. Instead, pieces of music were passed down via oral transmission, and because of this lack of standardization, local variations of chants abounded. But during the Carolingian Renaissance of the ninth century, interest in music theory began to grow, and the liturgy began to introduce multi-voice polyphony and more complicated settings. Systems of notation soon became necessary to record the new forms of music taking root.

The most popular and enduring system used neumes. Whereas modern musical notes are based on an absolute system of rhythm and pitch, the earliest neumes showed pitch only in relation to each other. Later, heightened neumes were written on four-line staves with added symbols to indicate rhythm. This leaf from a gradual (a book collecting the musical items of the Mass) is the earliest example of neumatic notation in Special Collections and Archives, dating from 1230 in England (fig.1, xfMMs.Gr3).

The neumes are arranged on a staff with base and treble clefs, and the composition is highly melismatic: there are runs of many different notes in quick succession. The short paragraphs in red ink are rubrics, indicating particular directions to the celebrant of the Mass.

 

Medieval music showing neumatic notation
Figure 1: Gradual leaf from 1230, xfMMs. Gr3
Written medieval chant showing one neume per syllable
Figure 2: 15th c. Gradual, xfMMs. Ps4

In contrast, this chant (fig. 2, xfMMs.Ps4) from an early 15th-century gradual is syllabic: except for a couple of melismas, or vocal runs, there is one neume per syllable. It’s hard to get a sense of the size, but this manuscript is about 15 inches wide. It was likely used in a church choir to allow multiple singers to cluster around it. It isn’t quite as big as some of the antiphonals in our collection, though. Terms for medieval manuscripts can be slippery, but graduals were used as part of the regular Mass, while antiphonals were used in Divine Office, the daily round of prayers in monasteries. These various collections of music were often produced for use in monasteries and cathedral churches.

One more place you might find medieval music is in a missal, like this one from the late 14th-century Italy (fig. 3, xfMMs.Miss1). Missals compiled all the texts and instructions necessary to celebrate Mass, making them a handy reference tool or educational book. Missals might be noted or unnoted, depending on the needs of the institution for which it was produced. In this case, the scribe wrote the text first and inserted the music after. But scribes could also make mistakes.

Close up of medieval music where notes run off page
Figure 3: Missale Romanum c. 1400, xfMMs. Miss1

This section of text pictured above contains an Alleluia setting that has run off the edge. You can see places where the scribe erased and rewrote the neumes to better fit the line.

The increasing use of notated chants ensured the proper performance of the Mass: no more forgetting the melody, and no more local variations of now-standardized chants. Neumes themselves would give way to more detailed methods of notation. But their history and the types of books they reside in provide a fascinating window into the musical life of the Middle Ages. View these manuscripts and more in our reading room, and learn even more about early music at the Canter Rare Book Room in the Music Library.

 

Works cited and further reading:

Bell, Nicolas. Music in Medieval Manuscripts. The British Library, 2001.

Crocker, Richard, and David Hiley, eds. The New Oxford History of Music: The Early Middle Ages to 1300. Oxford University Press, 1990.

Dunlap, Jennifer Rebecca. “A Paleographical Study of the Noted Missal Iowa City, University of Iowa Libraries, Special Collections xfMMS.Miss1.” Master’s Thesis, University of Iowa, 2008).

Seay, Albert. Music in the Medieval World. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965.

xfMMs.Gr3. Leaf from a gradual., circa 1230, 8. Medieval Manuscripts, MsC0542. University of Iowa Special Collections.

xfMMs.Ps4. Leaf from a gradual., early 15th century, 8. Medieval Manuscripts, MsC0542. University of Iowa Special Collections.

xfMMs.Miss1 Missale Romanum., circa 1400, 12. Medieval Manuscripts, MsC0542. University of Iowa Special Collections.

Oct 14 2025

Students investigate: the surprisingly long story of how Kinnick Stadium got its name

This series features the work and research of UI students. The following is written by Calvin Covington, Olson graduate research assistant.

"Huge Football Stadium Planned" news article
Article from Daily Iowan Oct. 27, 1928 found in RG01.0015.002 under Kinnick Stadium.

I’d wager that, even if they haven’t gone to a game, most of Iowa City’s population has borne witness to the grand Kinnick Stadium, where, every football season, legions of fans flock to watch the Hawks battle their Big Ten rivals in one of America’s favorite games. It’s hard to imagine Iowa City gamedays without swarms of tailgate traffic. However, a century ago, Iowa’s iconic stadium was just a glimmer in the eyes of its athletics department, and it would be a long journey to the Kinnick name.

Before Kinnick Stadium, the Hawkeyes had Iowa Field, a somewhat plainly named stadium with a capacity of 30,000 (less than half the size of modern-day Kinnick), located not on the west side of campus, but on the east side behind the Main Library. You can even see the Pentacrest in the photo below.

Photo of 1927 football game taken from a distance.
Kent, Frederick W. (Frederick Wallace). “Iowa-Ohio State Football Game at Iowa Field, The University of Iowa, October 8, 1927”. Photographs, postcards. Iowa City Town and Campus Scenes. Accessed September 10, 2025. https://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/node/406972.

A century ago, the athletics department wanted a new field, but building a new, larger venue was not an easy task. The stadium was constructed over a period of about seven months during 1929, totaling $484,798, or over $9 million today. Being built a century ago in a rural state, horses and mules (as seen below) were used to excavate and pull heavy equipment, and workers toiled day and night until completion in October 1929.

During the construction, Iowa’s third athletic director, Paul Belting, resigned and the new director, Edward Lauer, was told that Iowa would be suspended from the Big Ten in January 1930 due to recruiting violations. Despite these difficulties, Lauer got the Big Ten decision rescinded in February, and Iowa re-entered the Big Ten with its brand-new stadium—called Iowa Stadium.

Construction of new stadium in 1929 with horses pulling carts
Kent, Frederick W. (Frederick Wallace). “Iowa Stadium Construction, The University of Iowa, 1929”. Photographs. Iowa City Town and Campus Scenes. Accessed September 10, 2025. https://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/node/37218.
Image of Iowa Stadium from 1930
Kent, Frederick W. (Frederick Wallace). “Aerial View of Iowa Stadium and University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, The University of Iowa, 1930”. Photographs. Iowa City Town and Campus Scenes. Accessed September 10, 2025. https://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/node/152398.

But this name lacked inspiration and a legacy. Nile Kinnick, born in 1918, wasn’t even in high school when Iowa Stadium construction was completed. After a historic career, ending with the 1939 Heisman trophy, Kinnick went to law school and coached for a year before enlisting in the Naval Air Reserve, where he would ultimately perish in a training flight off the coast of Venezuela at age 24. After the tragedy, the student body held a vote in 1945 to name the stadium “Nile Kinnick Memorial Stadium.” And then, nothing happened.

The vote was unofficial, and the name didn’t change. In fact, Iowa can’t even claim the first Kinnick stadium. That honor would go to the Meiji Jingu Gaien Stadium in Tokyo, Japan, which was renamed in 1945 by the U.S. occupation force to “Nile Kinnick Stadium.”

It was only, nearly three decades later, in 1972, that support for renaming the stadium drummed up again. Beginning with attorney L. E. Swanson and spreading through the newspapers, the support for the name eventually reached the university administration and President Willard Boyd, who, after some consideration (including deliberations on naming the stadium after both Iowa football stars Kinnick and Duke Slater, who played from 1918–1921 at Iowa, was the NFL’s first Black lineman, and became Chicago’s second Black judge), approved the name change. By the end of the year, “Kinnick” became the official name.

"All salute Nile Kinnick" news article
Article from Cedar Rapids Gazette from Sept. 2, 2006. Located in RG01.0015.002 under Kinnick Stadium.

Over the years, Kinnick Stadium has changed a lot. Renovations and expansions since 1929 have far exceeded the initial cost of the stadium, including the $86.8 million restoration project in 2006, culminating in the iconic Kinnick statue that now stands in front of the stadium. Many features of the stadium, from the seats to the scoreboard to the grass of the recently named Duke Slater Field (2021), have all been replaced in the years since. So, next time you go to a football game, think about how much the stadium around you has changed, and consider the ways the devoted fans have remained the same.

Visit Special Collections and Archives to learn more about Nile Kinnick and the stadium named after him. Plan your visit on our website.

Sep 19 2025

Students Investigate: New Year, new France

This series features the work and research of UI students. The following is written by Brianna Bowers, student worker for Special Collections and Archives. 

Have you ever made a New Year’s resolution or used the turning of the calendar to wipe a clean slate for yourself? These resolutions can be effective at creating new habits, but what about when you need to rethink the philosophical underpinnings of your whole life? Or what if you are not actually an individual, but a whole country

If you are France during the French Revolution of 1789, then you are experiencing a massive shift from absolute monarchism to republicanism. Enlightenment values such as reason are in, and monarchical and religious tradition are out. The government is determined to recreate itself according to these new principles. That includes reworking its systems, such as systems of measurement. Measurement is used every day in the arts and sciences, which are the bread and butter of an Enlightenment-influenced revolutionary. So, it is crucial that they are logical and patriotic, after all.

As a result of this, the revolutionary government designed and adopted the metric system. We can all breathe a sigh of relief that a meter is 1/1,000th of a kilometer, 100 centimeters, and 1,000 millimeters. It is clean, orderly, and logical. It is obviously so scientific that even in the United States, where we usually use the customary system, students in science classrooms measure in metric.

Cover of pamphlet describing the new calendar

But did you know that the revolutionary government also created and used a new calendar? In the Main Library Special Collections and Archives, we have a pamphlet called “calendrier de la république française” (Calendar of the French Republic) printed by the governing legislature of France, the National Convention, that explains this new creation.¹ It cites exactitude, simplicity, independence from religious practices, and reason—a character that suits the Revolution—as important traits of a calendar (pages 8 and 19), and describes how the new French Republican calendar met those goals.

The French Republican calendar did not have some months with 30 days, some with 31, and one with 28 or 29. No, every month of this new calendar, named after its climate and agricultural stage as experienced in the northern hemisphere, had exactly thirty days. Each month was split into three weeks with 10 days each. No week spilled over between months. The days of the week were named after the words for first, second, third, and so on. Within a day, there were ten hours, each hour had one hundred minutes, and each minute had one hundred seconds. (However, the unique hours, minutes, and seconds were not widely used. Their use was made non-obligatory on April 7, 1795.³) It was simple and logical, right?

The extra days at the end of the year were used for Revolution-themed festivals. Instead of the Christmas Eve to New Year’s festivities, you’d get the Sanculotides. The term Sanculotides comes from the sans-culottes, the urban working class of Paris which supported the Revolution. The festivals were for virtue, talent, labor, convictions, and honors, and the leap day attached to the end of the year was Revolution Day.⁴ The years counted up from the all-important establishment of the First French Republic. Crossing off dates and flipping your calendar month was now a patriotic act.

A page for Fructidor, a fruits’ month, that is for summer

If you were a citizen of France when this calendar was in use, you would not make your New Year’s resolutions on the first of January. As the revolutionaries explained in their pamphlet, most civilizations making calendars use seasonal changes or remarkable historical events to fix the date of the changing of the year. (They sharply criticized Charles IX for adopting an illogical calendar, which doesn’t start on one of these natural dates, just because everyone else was doing it (page 10¹)!) The first day of the first month of the French Republican Calendar starts on the fall equinox. The first month is named Vendémiaire, after the grape harvest. Vendémiaire is followed by Brumaire (the foggy month), Frimaire (the cold month), and then the three winter months of Nivôse (the snowy month), Pluviôse (the rainy month), and Ventôse (the windy month). Next are the spring months of Germinal (the developing of sap month), Floréal (the flowering month), and Prairial (the meadow harvest month). The final months are the summer months of Messidor (the wheat harvest month), Thermidor (the hot month), and Fructidor (fruits’ month). The calendar was officially used from the 15th of Vendémiaire, year II of the French Republic, to the 10th of Nivôse year XVI (Oct. 6, 1793, to Dec. 3, 1805).²

This means that the French Republican year CCXXXIV is beginning this Sept. 22! If you want to start your resolutions on Vendémiaire first, you had better get a move on.

———

¹ Pamphlet 3063 in box 3057-3114, “Convention nationale. calendrier de la république française, Précédé du décret sur l’ère, le commencement et l’organisation de l’année, et les noms des jours et des mois, avec une instruction qui en fait connoître les principes et l’usage. Imprimé par ordre de la Convention nationale.” In the University of Iowa Main Library Special Collections [or read it online at https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k48740w/f9.item].

² https://www.napoleon-empire.org/en/republican-calendar.php. The site has lots of good information and a handy calendar converter.

³ Page 7 of pamphlet 3065 in box 3057-3114, “Loi Relative aux poids et mesures. Du 18 Germinal, an 3.ᵉ de la République française, une et indivisible.” In the University of Iowa Main Library Special Collections [or read it online at https://www.taieb.net/auteurs/poidsmes/1795_04_17_loi.html]

⁴ For the festival name translations, see https://everything.explained.today/Sansculottides/

Aug 13 2025

Highlights from Lunch with the Chefs, corn edition

The following is written by Olson Graduate Research Assistant Anne Moore. 

Black and white photo of girl in long white dress leaning on tree and eating an ear of corn.
“Esther eating corn on edge of field, early 1900s” from the Noble Photograph collection, IWA0031

It’s corn sweat season! Check out this top 10 list of corn-themed materials from Special Collections and Archives, which were on display last month at the Iowa Memorial Union (IMU)’s Lunch with the Chefs. This event is a special, themed lunch hosted by University Dining at the IMU. Originally introduced in 1995 by Chef Barry Greenberg, it has continued due to popularity. Special Collections often brings materials to these lunches, due to their Szathmary Culinary Manuscripts and Cookbooks collection providing a plethora of relevant options.

Book spread with drawing of corn stalk on left side, text about corn on right side.
Illustration of corn stalk in Cobbett’s book, Szathmary Collection SB191.M2 C62
1. A Treatise on Cobbett’s Corn, Containing Instructions for Propagating and Cultivating the Plant, and for Harvesting and Preserving the Crop (1828)

Printed in 1828, this book by William Cobbett discusses the cultivation of American corn, while also taking a look at American agriculture and customs of the time. What makes this book extra cool is that the first two leaves of the book are printed on corn paper. (Szathmary Collection SB191.M2 C62)

Brightly colored advertisement for corn, featuring boxes of corn starch and food made with corn starch
Cover of pamphlet, Szathmary Collection D522.25.H377 1918
2. “Wholesome-nutritious foods from corn” (ca. 1918)

During World War I, the U.S. Food Administration encouraged Americans on the home front to replace wheat products with corn to conserve the more expensive grain for troops abroad. This pamphlet by Lloyd Harrison helps promote new recipes that utilize corn. (Szathmary Collection D522.25.H377 1918)

Cloth book cover that features the words Corn Cook Book and a picture of corn in gilt
Cover of The Corn Cook Book, Szathmary Collection TX809.M2 H6 1918
3. The Corn Cook Book: War Edition (1918)

Responding to the call to use more corn products, cookbooks, such as this one by Elizabeth O. Hiller, provided recipes that utilized corn in a variety of households staples and promoted food conservation. (Szathmary Collection TX809.M2 H6 1918)

Corn-themed covers to pamphlets
“Corn Products Cook Book,” ca. 1910, Emma Churchman Hewitt for Corn Products Refining Company (left). “Clinton Corn Starch Recipes,” 1934, Clinton Corn Processing Company (right) from the Szathmary Recipe Pamphlet collection, MsC1018
4. Szathmary Recipe Pamphlets

We might be cheating a bit here by bunching a few recipe pamphlets together as one item on this list, but we could not resist showing just a few of the pamphlets we have in Szathmary that promote corn and corn products. Find more of these pamphlets on Iowa Digital Library. (MsC1018)

Hand-colored photo of corn dressed as people
Iowa Corn Folk, Shambaugh Family Papers RG99.0152
5. “Iowa Corn Folk, at the Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition in Philadelphia” (1926)

These Corn Folk were created by Bertha Shambaugh for the Iowa Federation of Women’s Clubs and were chosen to represent Iowa in a doll exhibit at the 1926 World’s Fair. We have to say that they are absolutely a-maize-ing. (Shambaugh Family Papers, RG99.0152)

Men walking through corn in hats and suits
Henry A. Wallace, ‘Spike’ Evans, and Jim Russell in cornfield (1933)
Middle Aged man (Henry A. Wallace) stands in front of a wall of corn that has been tagged.
Henry A. Wallace with Ears of Corn at Clyde Herring’s Garage, Des Moines, Iowa (1920s)
6. Henry Agard Wallace Papers

Henry A. Wallace was the 33rd Vice President of the United States, and an important Secretary of Agriculture in U.S. history. Serving under Franklin D. Roosevelt, he was a proponent of the New Deal and progressive agricultural policies aimed at alleviating the farm crisis and rural poverty. He was also a writer, farmer, and businessman, and developed several varieties of hybrid corn. View the finding aid for the Henry Agard Wallace papers online. (MsC0177)

Cover of Corn Flyer, x-Collection VG94.5.O66 C6
7. Corn Flyer V. 1 No.1 (1943)

Corn Flyer was a publication of the U.S Naval Air Station in Ottumwa, Iowa, which served as a pilot training base during World War II. Future President Richard M. Nixon was stationed there for nine months, before being shipped out to the South Pacific in May of 1943. Over 4,600 cadets completed flight school at the station, surrounded by Iowa corn fields. (x-Collection VG94.5.O66 C6)

Very tall corn stalk with people standing on the side as a measure
Page from tourist pamphlet that features an impressive corn stalk, x-Collection F619.3.S73 1945
8. Greetings: the State of Iowa Welcomes You (1945)

In this Iowa tourism pamphlet from 1945, potential visitors can marvel at the tallest corn stalk in Iowa recorded at that time. (x-Collection F619.3.S73 1945)

Grant Wood painting of Young Corn
Young Corn (1931), Grant Wood. This painting is owned by the Cedar Rapids Community School District and is on loan to the Cedar Rapids Museum of Art, Iowa.
Cover of cook book with a spiral edge
Cover of Cooking in Land of Corn, Szathmary Collection TX715.C759137
9. Cooking in the Land of Corn (1945)

This is a collection of recipes from the ladies of St. Edward’s Parish in Waterloo, Iowa. Drawing on Iowa flavor, the cookbook also features reproductions of paintings by Grant Wood. Wood was an American painter known for his depictions of rural landscapes and farm life in the Midwest. Works such as “Young Corn” (1931) are prominent examples of the American Regionalism art movement. (Szathmary Collection TX715 .C759137 1950)

Colored drawings of bread, ham, cake, and other food
Cover of the New Karo All American Cook Book, Szathmary Collection TX715.N52195 1960
10. The New Karo All American Cook Book (1960s)

Karo Corn Syrup was first introduced by the Corn Products Refining Company in 1902. A massive and unprecedent marketing campaign followed, with full page adds for Karo published in the Ladies Home Journal, and free corn product cookbooks distributed nationwide. In the 1930s, the wife of an executive developed a recipe for pecan pie using Karo, and the dish became a national favorite. By the middle of the 20th century, Karo was a household name and corn syrup was a staple of the modern American diet. (Szathmary Collection TX715 .N52195 1960)

Bonus Item! Homecoming Corn Monuments
Black and white photos of Iowa monuments made of corn cobs and kernels
1932 Corn Monument
Black and white photos of Iowa monuments made of corn cobs and kernels
1925 Corn Monument

We could not resist adding just one more item that is close to our hearts. Corn monuments are a long-standing Hawkeye tradition dating back to the early 20th century. Every year, engineering students design and construct monuments made of corn to be displayed for homecoming. (Frederick W. Kent Photograph Collection, RG30.0001.001)

Check out more by visiting us in person or online at the Iowa Digital Library, InfoHawk+ and ArchiveSpace.