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Digital Scholarship & Publishing Studio

Category: Digital Scholarship & Publishing

Jul 10 2019

Microtonal Iranian Intervals

Posted on July 10, 2019 by roshandel

My name is Ramin Roshandel and I’m a 2nd-year PhD student in Music Composition. My summer project for the Studio comprised of two parts: first is the analytical part and the second is the compositional piece.

For the first stage of the first part, I’m analyzing the difference between microtonal Iranian intervals and western classical ones in terms of frequency. Except for the major and minor second, there are two other types of seconds in Iranian music which are different compared to western classical music; We will name them J and H. At this point, we have isolated 2-3 short recorded examples of these intervals from pre-recorded sound files so that we can find out what the exact frequency of those pitches is. These recordings will either be chosen from the well-known Iranian music maestros’ recordings or by playing them by myself on the setar (one of the Iranian classical instruments). In this research, analyzing the frequencies has been done by using two software: Audacity and Max/MSP. Also, for analyzing our sound files, I have used another software called Sonic Visualizer.

For instance, except for two types of intervals which are in common with western music (whole-step or whole-tone, and half-step or semi-tone), there are two other types of the interval “second” in Iranian classical music.
One is called “Mojannab” and it is almost ¾ of a step and the other is called “Taninee” which is 1¼ of a step.

w= Major 2nd or whole-step

hs= Minor 2nd or half-step

j≈ ¾ step

h≈1¼

 

 

Next, we played each of the tetrachords on the setar and recorded them. This way, we are able to get the plot spectrum for each frequency.

For example, after importing the recorded sound file into Audacity and getting the plot spectrum of it, we found out that the first strong peak is 297 Hz (shown above in the picture).

In the next level, we used another tool which is essentially a Max patch that converts the frequency to pitch for us. In other words, if we give the frequency as the input, this Max patch will give us the closest pitch (on the piano as a MIDI note) plus the number of cents it is far from the mentioned pitch. In this case, 297 Hz is a D4 which is 20 cents higher than D4 on the piano. As another example, if we take 321 Hz now, the result will be a sharpened D#4 (+54 cents).

 

Also, this patch has another ability that it can get two frequencies and calculate the interval between those two frequencies in semitones. As in this example, the interval between the first (321 Hz) and the second (351 Hz) pitches is about 1.54 meaning that it is 0.54 bigger than a semitone and it is interesting that this the exact amount of cents that we got in the previous paragraph.

These are the processes I have been going through in order to get the technical information for writing these intervals for the western classical instruments in the second part of the project.

-Ramin Roshandel

 

Posted in Digital Scholarship & Publishing, Studio Fellows
Jul 09 2019

Developing an App for a Children’s Museum

Posted on July 9, 2019 by dietmeier

I’m Jeremy, a PhD student in Educational Psychology and the Learning Sciences. I study and design informal learning environments. This summer, with the help from the Studio, I am prototyping an app for a new exhibit at the Iowa Children’s Museum.

The project is built upon prior work with the Iowa Children’s Museum. I was fortunate to be able to work with their exhibit designers to help redesign on of their exhibits around the physics of skateboarding. Families love the new exhibit, but we noticed two things. First, some parents were unsure about the physics content and told us in interviews that since they were uncomfortable with the content, they did not try to engage with it. Second, many parents were pulling out their phones. Sometimes to take pictures or videos, sometimes to look up a physics term, and sometimes to play games. I thought an app might support parents engage with their children in the exhibit through activities they were already doing on their phone.

These first three weeks have seen many changes, revisions, and even the very first wireframe. I walked into the first week at the Studio expecting to learn how to code and make a rudimentary app by the end of the summer. Ethan helped me establish a more realistic goal that would help build my portfolio as an exhibit designer. Instead of being the person that codes the app from start to finish, I can create a wireframe and design documents that outline the content and functionality of the app and the graphical design decisions, doing everything short of making the actual app. Then someone with more coding expertise can make the app better than I could have.

The first step in the wireframe was coming up with content. Looking at other children’s museums apps, I noticed they mostly served as digital maps or handouts. I wanted something more interactive, a way to support parents and children learning and playing together as well as a way to interact with other families. I took a page out of science education and developed a three-step series for each exhibit element: Question, Observe, and Tell Others. Families can post and see other visitors’ questions, can use our in-app tools to gather and analyze data, and can share their new knowledge with anyone via pictures or videos.

Then started the iterations of prototypes. First, I made a flowchart of the visitor experience and how they would interact with the app.

Next, I turned that into a paper prototype with hand drawn buttons and labels. Finally, I made a first draft of the wireframe. People can click through the app and see where the content would be and initial design decisions, but most of the functionality still isn’t enabled and the graphic design is less than ideal.

Now begins the first round of user testing, followed by revisions, graphical design updates, more revisions, more user tests, and more design documents. Things are coming together, but there is so much left to go.

Cheers

Jeremy Dietmeier

Posted in Digital Scholarship & Publishing, Studio Fellows
Jul 08 2019

1930s Nursing in Native Communities

Posted on July 8, 2019 by ljsanders

In the 1920s and 30s, the public health nurse or “field nurse” was an important figure on many Native American reservations. These healthcare workers were hired to provide health education and preventative medicine to Native communities. Their work was also supposed to serve the federal government’s larger-scale policies toward Native people, and many of their everyday practices grew out of the longstanding policy of forcible assimilation and suppression of Native cultures. However, it’s also possible to see how Native patients and their families made health decisions by looking at the records field nurses left.

By the early 1930s, each nurse was sending a report to her supervisors every month. This consisted of a narrative description of her work and a two-page statistical report. My project this summer involves interpreting and visualizing the data from these forms. They include statistics that reflect the scope of health problems in Native communities at the time, such as the devastating prevalence of tuberculosis. They also track the visitors to the nurses’ offices and the sources from which nurses learned about new cases; these statistics can show Native patients’ and families’ agency in seeking out a particular kind of health care.

My first step has been to create a spreadsheet in Excel to contain the data from the statistical reports. I started with the nearly 800 reports from 1934, a pivotal year in Native American history, when the Indian Reorganization Act shifted federal policy toward tolerance of Native cultures. I’ve done quite a bit of data entry, and I’ve also had to consider questions of data cleaning. As it turns out, many nurses had idiosyncratic ways of filling out the statistical forms. Instead of a numerical entry, some nurses included textual answers (like “most” or “some”), added categories, included confusing marginal notes, or simply filled fields with check marks.

I found these record-keeping quirks a little frustrating, but I also realized that they reflect the frustration of the original writers. The statistical form offered an inadequate reflection of the wide scope of their work, as their notes and narratives explain. Under what field in the form’s “analysis of time” would you enter the hours spent stranded in a blizzard with patients, running a car’s engine for warmth and burning all its fuel before help arrived? How to quantify the nonstop nursing required during an epidemic or the way in which news of each new case arrived? Furthermore, the form doesn’t reflect the neighborly tasks that helped to build rapport between patients and caregivers. There’s no category for, say, treating a local family’s sick horse.

Image: Wilhelmine Hohnsbeen’s report from February 1932, during a flu epidemic at the Blackfeet Reservation. This section of the form asks for the number of new cases reported by patients’ families, a physician, and so on, but Hohnsbeen included a textual explanation of the emergency instead.

This initial challenge has offered me a new way to look at my dissertation topic and at the way nurses’ experiences diverged from official expectations. I have included an additional field in my spreadsheet to keep track of the way each nurse adapted her statistical forms, as well as entering the statistics themselves. I’ve also been familiarizing myself with Excel’s Pivot Tables feature. I’m using it to compare different statistical categories and using Pivot Charts to create visualizations for those relationships. Now that I’ve entered a significant amount of data, I’m looking forward to spending more time on these tools and seeing what new patterns emerge.

-Laurel Sanders

Posted in Digital Scholarship & Publishing, Studio Fellows
Jul 03 2019

Comparison of Groups with Different Patterns of Symptom Cluster Intensity across the Cancer Treatment Trajectory

Posted on July 3, 2019July 4, 2019 by chae

People undergoing treatment for cancer may experience a wide range of symptoms that can vary in their frequency and intensity. Experiencing multiple co-concurrent symptoms, also known as symptom clusters (SCs), can be highly distressing and impact one’s quality of life and functioning.

Currently, an increasing amount of nursing and other clinical data is being collected through Electronic Health Records (EHRs). EHRs provide a unique opportunity to understand the experience of all patients with cancer. I sought to devise an efficient method for clustering patients based on similarity of symptom trajectories and to estimate the individual risk of severe symptoms from chemotherapy.

The preliminary results identified two or three distinct subgroups with different patterns of five symptoms during chemotherapy treatment: pain, mobility, activity, nausea, and nutrition.

Fig 1. Clustering of pain patterns 5 days before and 25 days after CTX (n=85)

 0 = No pain, 2=Mild, 5 = Moderate, 8 = Severe, 10 = Worst possible

This figure shows that group 1 (13%) started high with a decrease pattern of pain, group 2 (66%) represents patients with a constant pattern of moderate pain, and group 3 (21%) represents patients with a constant pattern of low pain intensity. I have established the feasibility of identifying longitudinal patterns of symptoms by cluster analysis of nursing documentation records. I hope the results of my dissertation will lead to better symptom management for patients in cancer treatment.

After I finished my proposal meeting, I decided to increase the sample size from advanced cancer patients into all stage cancer patient and also increase the period for data extraction. Meanwhile, I am waiting for getting updated data sets from ITCS during, as a summer fellow at the Studio, I am conducting a systematic review: longitudinal cancer symptom clustering. The purpose of this review is to examine research focused on the patterns of symptom experiences of patients with cancer, and the extent to which the perspective and methods of developmental science have been used in this research. I am screening the titles and abstract of 777 articles using EndNote.

After I get the updated version of data set, I will clean the data using R by end of July. Other symptoms such as sleep quality, oral health, appetite, and so on, will be clustered using the interactive digital coding and mapping by August. I want to visualize the clustering of subgroups of patients with the help of staff in the library in August.

Sena Chae

College of Nursing

Posted in Digital Scholarship & Publishing, Studio Fellows
Jul 03 2019

Mapping culture and geography of the Holy Land

Posted on July 3, 2019 by ascardina

My project maps the Christianization of the Holy Land in the Late Antique/early Byzantine period (approximately 300-600 CE) using Christian literary references, pilgrimage itineraries, and various material remains throughout the region that played a part in its cultural transformation. Broadly speaking, I want to better understand how cultural change happens.

In Late Antiquity, Christians came to dominate the Roman Empire, but part of my project is complicating that idea of any cultural entity “dominating” a place. Every Roman imperial province and region (including Palestine) was a complex tapestry of indigenous residents, foreign traders and immigrants, local historical, mythological, and cultic traditions, imperial traditions meant to bind the area to the empire, Roman bureaucratic infrastructures, older bureaucratic infrastructures, and complex dynamics within its socioeconomic strata.

Although a large number of individuals had converted to some form of Christianity by this point, a question that plagues historians of early Christianity is when can we say that any region became “Christian?” Is it merely a question of numbers and population?  Can infrastructures (i.e. bureaucracies, cities, roads and aqueducts, law/policy) convert to a religion? What percentage of one’s cultural heritage needs to be painted over or replaced in order for historians to say it no longer ”dominated” an area? The Holy Land is an ideal place to consider these questions. It was a diverse region ethnically, religiously, economically, and climate-wise, and the only thing that caused it to be portioned off from the surrounding regions as a distinct “Land” was that Christians saw it as distinguished by its “holy” nature.  Christian pilgrims in particular played an important part in this process. They traveled from outside the region specifically to see those things that made it holy. In turn, local people began creating incentives to attract pilgrims. Part of my theory is that this dynamic between local peoples and pilgrims inadvertently defined the Christian Holy Land.

When I started planning my project several months ago, I imagined I would put more of my energy into mapping religious literary references and artistic representations of the Holy Land to see if the way Christians described it reflected reality. In order to create an accurate picture of that reality, I spent the first two weeks searching for preexisting GIS data sets of the cities, roads, political boundaries, and religious landmarks of the region. I have found a wealth of data across the web, generously make public, which has given me more background information than I could have imagined. If anything, I’m a bit overwhelmed at all I have, which complicates the challenge of figuring out which data matters to the historical narrative I’m tracing.

So many tiny points!

 

What’s more, the more that I layer Christian literary references and material sources onto my map, the more that traditional explanations for the rise of Christianity—moral superiority, socioeconomic discontent, cultural competition and political ambition—appear overly simplistic in this region. Maybe that is a good thing, but I need to find paradigms that connect the trade routes, cities, pagan temples, synagogues, monasteries, and shifting imperial borders into something meaningful.

For the next five weeks, I believe I will need to focus on the following questions:

  • Where were populations in the region rising and falling? Christian populations? Non-Christian populations ?
  • How were specific pilgrimage routes being popularized?
  • Who was coming to the region for the specific purpose of Christian pilgrimage? What were they expecting, and what did they find?
  • What kinds of local efforts were there to draw Christian pilgrims to their cities, towns, and holy places? What was at stake for them? Reputation? Money? Salvation?
  • What kinds of attributes made a place more or less Christian?

-Andrea Scardina

Posted in Digital Scholarship & Publishing, PDH Certificate, Studio Fellows
Jul 03 2019

Place and The Tale of Genji

Posted on July 3, 2019 by mbgill

The Tale of Genji, written in approximately year 1000, during Japan’s Heian Period, was penned by  Murasaki Shikibu, a mid ranking noble court lady who served the Empress.

Widely considered to be the world’s first real novel, it combines fictional characters, relationships and plot line with the very real intricacies of every day life at the Imperial Court. It can very easily be used as an in depth guide to the aesthetics of the Heian Period, since it includes detailed descriptions of kimono colors and patterns, incense making practices, poetry and the societal expectations for both men and women.

It’s a complex and convoluted piece of literature to say the least, and there aren’t many in depth resources available to English language students of the text,  so Part 1 of my project is my ongoing work to create a Wikipedia-esque reference website. The website, entitled Genjipedia, includes relevant information about characters as well as details about things like plants and animals.

Part 2 of my project, and what I’m focusing on mostly this summer, is the digital map I am creating. Since the text is based in the real world, it stands to reason that there many places visited by characters and/or mentioned in the prose and poetry. However, much of the focus of research regarding “place” in the text is focused on Heian-kyo (the capital). Now, much of the novel does take place within the city but, as I’m discovering as I page through this text looking for place names, there are so many more locations that are mentioned or visited by characters that it seems remiss not to look at how travel and place outside the capital are being used and interacted with in the story.

Currently I am making lists of locations and whether they are mentioned in prose, mentioned in poetry, or visited by a character. I am creating Excel spreadsheets to organize my information and am including chapter title and number (there are 54 chapters in total!), location name in text, other/current names, the passage the location is mentioned in and, if applicable, which character(s) visited there. The next step will be figuring out which places existed then and still exist, which places existed then but don’t/are different now, and which places just never existed in the first place and were made up for poetic purposes.  Some places I know I won’t be able to pin point exact locations for, but I’m hoping with extensive research using other premodern texts and research by other premodern scholars, I’ll be able to at least figure out a general idea of where something existed.

-Mac Gill

Posted in Digital Scholarship & Publishing, Studio Fellows
Jul 02 2019

The digital journey of an Audiologist

Posted on July 2, 2019 by svenkitakrishnan

               Audiology is a profession that involves studying about sound, ear and hearing. An Audiologist works with individuals and families of individuals with hearing loss. My current research and the research that I wish to do in the future, involves older adults with hearing loss. My goal is to improve hearing aid outcomes for older adults with hearing loss, and to improve access to affordable hearing care.

               Through my research, I seek to add evidence-based results to the Audiology research repository. I hope that my research findings can be used by Clinicians and patients to make better decisions about their choice of hearing aids and gain more satisfaction from their devices. Thus, since my research area is very patient-centered, I want my research to be easily accessible and comprehensible to individuals with hearing loss. This was the impetus for my digital project.

               The aim of my project, thus, is to create a web interface to make my findings easily available to general public in a language that is easier to understand than journal articles. Designing a web page was relatively new to me. During the first few weeks, I discussed the purpose of my project with my studio point of contact, Ethan DeGross. He helped me come up with a more realistic plan of action. Thus, I decided to make a web page with a link to all my current and past research projects. I aim to continue adding to this web page as more results of the different projects become available, and also as I continue with my research journey in the future.

               Other questions that I had were about the consent required to display results from different studies. I received help to resolve these issues from the IRB office. Following this, I started the exciting process of designing my web page. I cannot say that this process has been completely hurdle-free, but with Ethan’s help, we have been able to resolve issues and I continue the journey to making this a very attractive and understandable tool.

               Moving on, I will add data from my past and current projects to the web page. I will also be learning about better visualization techniques in R which can facilitate the information transfer of the results of different studies to the audience. Professor Deborah Whaley brought up an interesting point which I hope to address during the course of the summer: this involves finding ways to attract more visitors to the web page, and I also hope to find better ways to disseminate these research findings to the population that will benefit from this research.

Soumya Venkitakrishnan

AuD student/ PhD candidate, University of Iowa

Posted in Digital Scholarship & Publishing, Studio Fellows
Jul 01 2019

Creating Collective Memory: Athletes, Commemoration, and Public Statuary

Posted on July 1, 2019 by ajloup

The importance of public art in American culture cannot be underestimated. It resides in public spaces as occasionally benign, sometimes celebrated, and at other times, downright inflammatory. Public art has the power to bring communities together and also has the power to divide them. It has the power to suspend moments in time and cement memories for all to see. For this project I have chosen to focus solely on athletic statuary as a distinct facet of public art and specifically I want to investigate the role of these statues in American culture.     

As a summer fellow at the Studio I am creating a digital project that aims to map the locations of various statuary depictions of athletes. The mapping project will also include visuals of each statue, its exact latitude and longitude, the year it was dedicated, and a small description of the athlete who is being depicted. The ultimate goal of this project is to engage themes of public art, bodies, space, and memory and how all of these notions converge through statues.

When I began to conceive this project I wanted to give myself guidelines and parameters as to what counted as athletic statuary. The various ways in which athletes have been remembered in public spaces has ranged from plaques at stadiums, to the renaming of parks and arenas in their honor, to simply retiring their jerseys. For this project I wanted to focus completely on a specific area of memorialization and with that I needed to craft guidelines for the things I would ultimately count as athletic statuary. During my first week at the Studio I spent time creating these boundaries and ultimately decided that the statues I put on the map must depict athlete’s bodies or body parts and they must reside outdoors. I decided to exclude coaches and other athletic personnel from my project. I aimed to make these distinctions to help myself narrow down the potential options, but also to emphasize the importance of the bodies of athletes in sport as well the importance of their bodies when commemorating them.

Upon entering the Studio and starting work on my project I have already greatly expanded the scope of my project.  I originally intended to include anywhere from 75-100 statues, with the hope that I would be able to locate that many and I am now up to 135 statues and counting. The larger number of statues has helped me to not only fill in my map more than I thought I would, but it has also helped me to begin to see some larger patterns within the commemoration of athletes. In addition to the number of statues, I have also added a time element to my map. I was able to find many of the dates that these statues were dedicated and where these original dedications took place. This has been important because it has offered an insight into the popularity of such works as well as provided a larger context for athlete’s inclusion within the broader umbrella of public art. The newest addition to my ever-changing project has been a WordPress site that will be attached to my map. This site will include longer narratives of the athletes who are depicted, their importance in a larger cultural context, and the importance of the placement and location of their commemorative statues. I think this decision to add a WordPress site was so important because it has given me the freedom to contextualize my project that I did not think was possible with a mapping project.

Tommie Smith and John Carlos statue at San Jose State University, Ashley Loup

                      

With the remaining weeks of the summer fellowship I hope to be able to further adjust my project and continue to add more and more detail to my map and associated WordPress site. I also hope to be able to gain a deeper understanding of the digital humanities as a whole and how best to integrate this sort of technology based work into my more traditional understandings of scholarship.

-Ashley Loup

Posted in Digital Scholarship & Publishing, Studio Fellows
Jun 28 2019

Honeymooning: A Sentimental Journey

Posted on June 28, 2019 by skahrar

As a summer fellow at the Studio, I am researching honeymoon narratives and building a repository of images, film stills and other media chronicling the practice of honeymooning in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This collection is intended to serve as research, concept development and material acquisition for a film about honeymoon films. Specifically, I am interested in the movies people make on their honeymoons and the degree to which those films reiterate or diverge from preconceived notions of heteronormative romance narratives, typified in Hollywood film.

Lauren Berlant’s scholarship on sentimentality and US nation-making in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has helped to guide my ideas for the project. In “America, post Utopia: Body, Landscape, and National Fantasy in Hawthone’s Native Land”, Lauren Berlant defines the “National Symbolic” as “the common language of a common space”. She argues that individuals born within a certain region become transformed into citizens of that region as they take on the common icons, metaphors, rituals and narratives that constitute the National Symbolic. In Newlyweds on Tour, Barbara Penner situates the honeymoon ritual within Berlant’s National Symbolic. As the honeymooning couple moved through their route, not only did they participate in the activity of nation-making, but their identity as honeymooners fostered identification from on-lookers and prompted “collective feelings of attachment, whether to the idea of conjugality, domesticity, nation, or simply sentiment itself” (Penner, 2). These sentimental journeys have been mapped out in illustrated novels such as Their Wedding Journey and even matrimonial maps, which construct an affective topography of intimacy. These maps strike me as proto-filmic in nature. I imagine that the emotional and spatial journey of the couple in a road-film romantic comedy, such as It Happened One Night could be mapped in a similar way.

The Road to Matrimony. The Hymeneal Expositor; or, Matrimonial Chart, ca. 1850s. Ohio Historical Society. OVS 7105.

Since beginning my fellowship with the studio, I have begun researching and collecting media associated with honeymoon narratives. This has ranged from advertisements, books, articles, films and illustrations. Moreover, I have begun archiving and transcoding films from DVD to MP4 files in order to deconstruct them into their constitutive scenes and shots in Adobe Premiere. This will allow me to isolate scenes from different films and compare their representation of the honeymooning couple.

At this point, I’m considering different routes follow for the remaining five weeks of the course. While I set out to create an archive of media in Omeka, I am now considering the option of creating a narrative map, or somehow cataloging recurring tropes between films. Moreover, in  an effort to narrow my focus, I have considered focusing solely on Niagara Falls and its transformation from site to symbol.

After Tomorrow, 1932

 

Niagara, 1953

I look forward to discussing these ideas with Matthew Butler and Deborah Whaley in the weeks to come.

-Samantha Kahrar

Posted in Digital Scholarship & Publishing, Studio Fellows
Jun 27 2019

Visualizing US Social Safety Net Benefits: The Learning Curve

Posted on June 27, 2019June 27, 2019 by kwhite

Social safety nets consist of several programs that help maintain the wellbeing of society members and protect people during times of hardship. The US social safety net gives individual states a lot of autonomy in administering safety net programs. This leads to considerable variation in the level and breadth of assistance provided in one state to the next. Current research examining the variation in US safety net benefits has a limited understanding of how state benefits are shaped by geographically close or ideologically similar states. There is also more to be learned about the consequences that result from this variation.

For my Studio fellowship project, I am working to address some of these gaps in the research by identifying and visualizing patterns of provision across a range of social safety net programs. To do so, I am using the Social Safety Net Policy Dataset. This unique dataset provides comparable measures of ten social safety net programs across the 50 US states from 1994 to 2014.[1] These measures include the generosity of benefits (the value of the assistance recipients receive on average) and the inclusiveness of receipt (the proportion of the potentially needy population that receive assistance).

I am currently working on conceptualizing and exploring visualization options to effectively convey overtime patterns of provision across the US states. Since many of the research questions I wish to answer with the aid of these visualizations revolve around understanding how state-to-state variation in provision matters, I first want to develop visuals that can concisely capture this variation overtime.

I started my fellowship with the most coding experience in Stata. While I am still using its statistical analysis and data cleaning features, I found Stata’s visualization capabilities to be too limited for my project and began looking at other software options, including GeoDa and R. After attending a visualization workshop in R during the first week of my fellowship, I decided to further explore the mapping and other visualization tools in R. The learning curve in R has been rather steep to start, so I anticipate spending a fair amount of time this summer refining my coding skills in the software. During the first three weeks of my fellowship, I developed in R a choropleth map of the generosity level of cash assistance benefits by state in 2014. Prior to the fellowship, I had created similar choropleth maps in Stata, but this initial version of the map as developed in R has more capabilities than my previous maps. For example, users of this new map can hover their cursor over a state and learn the exact generosity level of cash assistance benefits in that state. I was not able to include this interactive feature in Stata. You can see this feature in use in the image below.

Moving forward this summer, I hope to create an animated (e.g. a GIF image) version of the choropleth map which strings to together a series of choropleth maps to depict the overtime variation for each safety net program. In addition, I would like to explore possible options for visualizing other aspects of my research (e.g. regression results), including the social disparities associated with the variation in US safety net programs and different patterns of provision diffusion.

–  KaLeigh White

References

[1] Bruch, Sarah K., Marcia K. Meyers, and Janet C. Gornick. 2018. “The Consequences of Decentralization: Inequality in Safety Net Provision in the Post–Welfare Reform Era.” Social Service Review 92(1):3–35.

 

Posted in Digital Scholarship & Publishing, Studio Fellows

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